The streets of Washington and New York were completely paved with Venezuelan asphalt, extracted by eager American companies that enjoyed advantageous conditions for resource extraction during the late 19th and throughout the 20th century, leading up to the enactment of the Hydrocarbons Law of 2001 during Hugo Chávez's administration. Months after the law was enacted, the Venezuelan right-wing, backed by the U.S., staged a coup.